Krill Oil (Antarctic Krill · Euphausia superba) · Evidence-First Fact Sheet

Quick Summary (60-second read)

Krill oil is an Antarctic-sourced marine omega-3 oil with one distinctive chemical feature and several honest trade-offs.

• It is extracted from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), a small shrimp-like crustacean that forms one of the largest animal biomasses on the planet (an estimated ~379 million tonnes in the Southern Ocean) and sits near the base of the Antarctic food web.
• The headline feature is form: roughly 40–50% of krill oil's EPA and DHA is bound to phospholipids (mainly phosphatidylcholine) rather than to triglycerides (the form in standard fish oil) or ethyl esters (the form in many concentrated and prescription products). The phospholipid form may modestly improve per-milligram bioavailability in short-term trials, though a 2014 reexamination and a 2015 head-to-head trial have shown the advantage is smaller and less consistent than early marketing claimed.
• Krill oil naturally carries a small amount of astaxanthin (typically 0.1–0.4 mg per 500 mg softgel), which acts as a built-in antioxidant protecting the oil from oxidation and contributes to krill oil's typically low TOTOX values. The astaxanthin dose delivered at standard krill dosing (~0.2–0.8 mg/day) is substantially below the 4–12 mg/day used in dedicated astaxanthin clinical trials.
• The single biggest practical caveat: krill softgels deliver about 50% less EPA+DHA per capsule than standard fish oil. A typical 500 mg krill softgel contains only 80–150 mg EPA+DHA, compared with 300 mg in standard fish oil and 600–850 mg in concentrated rTG or prescription EE fish oil at the same softgel size. Reaching the 1 g/day general-maintenance level requires 7–13 krill softgels per day — and the 2–4 g/day clinical doses used in cardiovascular, rheumatoid-arthritis, and antidepressant-adjunct trials are not achievable with krill oil alone.
• Krill oil is contra-indicated for people with shellfish (crustacean) allergy — krill is a crustacean, and cross-reactivity is documented. Fish oil and algal oil are the safer alternatives in this population.
• Sustainability is a frequently asked question and deserves a transparent answer. The Antarctic krill fishery is managed by CCAMLR with a precautionary trigger limit of 620,000 tonnes per year — roughly 0.4% of the estimated biomass, far lower than typical wild-fishery exploitation rates. The Antarctic krill fishery was first MSC-certified in 2010, with successive re-certifications since. However, environmental NGOs including the Pew Charitable Trusts and the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC) continue to raise concerns about geographic concentration of catch, climate-driven habitat stress, and the precautionary principle in a keystone-species fishery.
• Bottom line for the casual reader: Krill oil is a legitimate marine omega-3 source with a real (but modest) phospholipid bioavailability advantage and a real (but small) built-in astaxanthin contribution. It is not the best choice if you need high-dose EPA+DHA, if you have a shellfish allergy, if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, or if you are highly cost-sensitive. For these populations, fish oil or algal oil is usually more appropriate. The decision is one of trade-offs, not superiority.

What is Krill Oil? Origin and ecological context

Krill oil is an oil extracted from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), a small (about 6 cm long) crustacean of the order Euphausiacea that lives exclusively in the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica. Antarctic krill is one of the most abundant animal species on Earth by biomass — current scientific estimates place the standing biomass at approximately 379 million tonnes, within a published consensus range of 300–500 million tonnes.

The keystone-species role

Antarctic krill is not a peripheral organism in the Southern Ocean. It is a keystone species — meaning that an unusually large share of the surrounding ecosystem depends directly on it for food. The species supports:

• Three whale species — humpback whale, fin whale, and Antarctic minke whale — for whom krill is the dominant prey.
• Seven penguin species — including Adélie, chinstrap, gentoo, emperor, king, macaroni, and royal penguins — that depend on krill during breeding seasons.
• Five seal species — including the crabeater seal, whose common name derives from an early misidentification of its krill diet as crab.
• Many Southern Ocean fish, squid, and seabirds (including albatrosses) that feed directly or indirectly on krill.

Because krill is the base of so many food chains in the Southern Ocean, any significant reduction in krill biomass would propagate upward through the entire ecosystem. This is the central ecological consideration in krill fishery management, discussed further in the Sustainability section below.

Geographic origin and fishery management

Commercial krill harvest is concentrated in the Southwest Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean — specifically in CCAMLR Subareas 48.1 (Antarctic Peninsula), 48.2 (South Orkney Islands), and 48.3 (South Georgia). The fishery is managed by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), an international body established under the 1980 CCAMLR Convention with 26 member states and the European Union. CCAMLR sets a precautionary annual trigger limit of 620,000 tonnes — actual harvest in recent years has averaged 400,000–500,000 tonnes, representing approximately 0.4% of estimated biomass.

How krill oil differs from other omega-3 sources

The Phospholipid Form: real bioavailability vs. marketing claims

Why the phospholipid form is chemically different

In standard fish oil, EPA and DHA are bound to triglycerides — three fatty-acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone with no polar (water-attracting) head group. In krill oil, roughly 40–50% of the EPA and DHA is bound to phospholipids — most prominently phosphatidylcholine (PC), with smaller proportions of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and other phospholipid classes.

Phospholipids are amphiphilic — each molecule has a polar phosphate-and-choline "head" and two hydrophobic fatty-acid "tails." This amphiphilic structure allows phospholipids to self-assemble into micelles in the digestive tract without requiring as much bile salt and pancreatic lipase processing as triglycerides do. The phospholipid-bound EPA and DHA are then primarily hydrolyzed by intestinal phospholipase A2 to lysophospholipids, which can be absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells through specific transporters (including MFSD2A in some tissues) and enter the portal circulation directly rather than requiring chylomicron packaging.

What the head-to-head randomized trials actually show

Three randomized human trials directly compared krill oil with fish oil at matched or comparable EPA+DHA doses:

The reexamination most consumers never see

A 2014 reexamination of the krill oil bioavailability literature by Salem and Kuratko (PMC4161905) noted that several reported krill advantages may reflect how doses and outcomes were normalized in the original analyses rather than a true biological superiority. The honest synthesis is:

Per milligram of EPA+DHA, krill oil's phospholipid form may be incorporated into plasma phospholipids and red-blood-cell membranes more efficiently than fish oil's ethyl-ester form, and shows comparable or slightly higher uptake than fish oil's triglyceride form, in short-term randomized trials. However, the magnitude of this advantage is smaller and less consistent than early marketing claimed, and a 2015 head-to-head trial found no significant difference at matched doses. Crucially, the per-milligram bioavailability difference has not translated into demonstrably superior long-term clinical outcomes — there are no krill-specific large randomized trials for cardiovascular events, depression, or dry eye, all of which have substantial fish-oil evidence bases.

The Astaxanthin Advantage: real but small

Krill oil naturally contains astaxanthin — the same red-orange xanthophyll carotenoid covered in detail on the dedicated astaxanthin sub-page. Astaxanthin is the molecule responsible for the pink-red color of krill oil softgels.

Typical content range: 0.19–0.82 mg of astaxanthin per gram of krill oil, varying with krill harvest season, geographic harvest area (Antarctic-summer phytoplankton blooms drive higher astaxanthin accumulation in krill), and extraction process (super-critical CO₂ extraction tends to preserve more astaxanthin than solvent-based extraction). A typical 500 mg krill softgel therefore delivers approximately 0.1–0.4 mg of astaxanthin — and a standard two-softgel daily dose delivers approximately 0.2–0.8 mg/day.

Two roles of astaxanthin in krill oil

The astaxanthin in krill oil plays two distinct roles, and it is important not to conflate them:

1. Endogenous antioxidant protecting the oil itself. Astaxanthin's well-characterized capacity to quench singlet oxygen and inhibit lipid peroxidation extends to the highly unsaturated EPA and DHA molecules in the krill oil softgel itself. This is the principal reason krill oil typically has lower TOTOX (total oxidation value) than fish oil products that do not include an added antioxidant.
2. Theoretical synergistic ingestion benefit. Co-ingesting krill PL EPA+DHA alongside small amounts of astaxanthin is mechanistically plausible for inflammation, skin, joint, and cardiovascular outcomes — but no head-to-head randomized trial has directly compared krill-oil-with-astaxanthin to krill-oil-with-astaxanthin-removed. The synergy hypothesis therefore remains plausible but not directly tested.

What this means for consumers considering astaxanthin

If you are choosing krill oil primarily to obtain astaxanthin, the dose math does not work. Dedicated astaxanthin clinical trials — for skin, eye, exercise, cardiometabolic, and reproductive endpoints — typically use 4–12 mg/day, which is 5–60 times more astaxanthin than a standard krill regimen delivers. If astaxanthin is your goal, a dedicated astaxanthin supplement is the practical choice. The astaxanthin in krill oil should be understood as a quality-protection feature for the oil and a small dietary bonus, not as a clinically meaningful dose of standalone astaxanthin.

Concentration Limitation: why krill oil is not for high-dose protocols

The implications are practical, not theoretical:

• For the 250–500 mg/day general-maintenance range endorsed by NIH-ODS and the European Food Safety Authority, krill oil at 1–2 softgels/day is in the lower half of that range and is sufficient as a basic intake.
• For 1 g/day — a common general-cardiovascular and general-mood maintenance dose — krill oil requires 7–13 softgels per day, which is impractical and prohibitively expensive.
• For the 2–4 g/day clinical doses used in cardiovascular outcome trials (REDUCE-IT used 4 g/day of pure EPA), rheumatoid-arthritis trials, and antidepressant-adjunct trials, krill oil is not a viable delivery vehicle. These doses are achievable only with concentrated rTG fish oil or prescription omega-3 medications.

This is why krill oil's per-milligram EPA+DHA cost — typically 5 to 15 times that of standard concentrated fish oil — matters in practice. Krill oil is best matched to consumers who want a moderate EPA+DHA intake in the phospholipid form, with the convenience of fewer softgels (1–2 per day rather than 3–4), and who are not seeking high clinical doses.

Evidence for Benefits

The randomized human evidence base specific to krill oil (as distinct from fish oil) is more modest than the fish oil evidence base. Where krill-specific evidence is thin or absent, the fish-oil evidence on the Omega-3 cluster hub is the better reference.

Sustainability: the krill question deserves a transparent answer

Sustainability is one of the most frequently asked questions about krill oil and deserves a transparent, two-sided answer rather than either marketing reassurance or activist absolutism.

What the management framework actually does

The Antarctic krill fishery is managed by CCAMLR with one of the most precautionary catch frameworks of any major fishery in the world. The current annual trigger limit is 620,000 tonnes, which represents approximately 0.4% of the estimated 379-million-tonne krill biomass. For context, typical wild-fishery exploitation rates run in the 5–10% range; the krill fishery operates at roughly one to two orders of magnitude below this. Actual recent annual harvest has averaged 400,000–500,000 tonnes — within the trigger limit. CCAMLR's ecosystem-based management framework explicitly accounts not only for krill stock sustainability but also for the krill needs of dependent predators (whales, penguins, seals, and fish).

The Antarctic krill fishery was first certified by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) in 2010, with successive re-certifications since. The MSC standard evaluates three dimensions: (1) sustainability of the target species stock, (2) ecosystem impact including the impact on dependent predator species, and (3) effectiveness of the management system. The majority of current commercial krill harvest carries MSC certification.

What independent NGOs and researchers continue to raise

Despite the low overall exploitation rate, MSC certification, and CCAMLR management, several legitimate concerns continue to be raised by environmental NGOs — most prominently the Pew Charitable Trusts and the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC) — and by independent Antarctic ecologists:

1. Geographic concentration of harvest. A large share of krill catch occurs in CCAMLR Subarea 48.1 (the waters off the Antarctic Peninsula), which is also the most critical foraging area for breeding Adélie, chinstrap, and gentoo penguins, humpback whales, and Antarctic minke whales. Local depletion in this area could have ecological consequences disproportionate to the very low total exploitation rate.
2. Climate change as a baseline stressor. Sea-ice loss around the western Antarctic Peninsula is reducing the under-ice algal blooms that support krill reproduction and larval growth. Krill biomass and distribution are already shifting in response to ocean warming; any harvest pressure compounds an already-stressed baseline.
3. Industry pressure to raise quotas. Global omega-3 demand growth creates ongoing commercial pressure to expand krill harvest. Independent monitoring of this pressure — and the corresponding application of precautionary management — remains an active conservation concern.
4. Irreversibility risk. The Southern Ocean ecosystem has limited resilience. The precautionary principle argues that even a small probability of ecosystem-level disruption justifies very conservative harvest, given that recovery may be slow or incomplete.

The honest take

Consumers who want a marine omega-3 source and are comfortable with a well-managed but ecologically debated fishery may choose krill oil with reasonable confidence in current management. Consumers who want to avoid the debate entirely have a structurally lower-impact alternative: algal oil, produced via closed-system fermentation, requires no wild-fishery harvest at all. For people whose primary motivation is sustainability — independent of phospholipid form or astaxanthin content — algal oil is the simplest answer.

How to Choose a Quality Krill Oil

If you have decided krill oil is appropriate for your goals, the practical quality checklist is:

• Source transparency. Look for products that disclose Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) as the species and that name the CCAMLR Subarea of harvest where possible.
• MSC certification on the label. This is the most accessible third-party indicator of the harvest meeting sustainable-fishery standards.
• Third-party oxidation testing. Look for products that disclose TOTOX (total oxidation) values, with a target of TOTOX ≤ 26 (the GOED voluntary maximum for omega-3 supplements). Krill oil typically has lower TOTOX than non-antioxidant fish oils because of the built-in astaxanthin, but verification beats assumption.
• Phospholipid percentage disclosure. Quality krill oil products disclose the percentage of EPA+DHA in phospholipid form (typically 40–50%). Products that do not disclose this percentage may contain a lower phospholipid fraction.
• EPA + DHA milligrams per softgel — disclosed clearly. The label should state EPA and DHA separately in milligrams. "Krill oil 500 mg" alone is not enough information.
• Astaxanthin milligrams per softgel. Quality products disclose astaxanthin content (typically 0.1–0.4 mg per 500 mg softgel) and distinguish naturally-occurring from added astaxanthin.
• Allergen labeling. Krill is a crustacean; the label should clearly carry shellfish/crustacean allergen warnings.

Safety and Who Should Avoid Krill Oil

Common, mild side effects

The most commonly reported side effects of krill oil are gastrointestinal — mild nausea, bloating, or a fishy aftertaste / fishy burps. These are generally milder than the same complaints with fish oil at matched EPA+DHA doses, because of krill's phospholipid form (which is more readily emulsified in the digestive tract) and built-in astaxanthin (which slows oxidative degradation). A pink-tinged stool color is a normal and harmless cosmetic effect of astaxanthin elimination through the digestive tract, not a sign of bleeding.

Anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications

Krill oil, like fish oil, theoretically inhibits platelet aggregation through the same EPA-mediated reduction of thromboxane A₂ synthesis. The American Heart Association's 2017 scientific statement concluded that clinical meta-analyses do not support a clinically meaningful bleeding-risk increase with marine omega-3 supplements, including in the peri-operative period. Nevertheless, patients on warfarin, direct oral anticoagulants, aspirin, or clopidogrel — particularly at higher EPA+DHA doses — should discuss krill oil use with their prescriber and have routine monitoring as clinically appropriate.

Atrial fibrillation risk at high doses

The atrial-fibrillation signal seen at ≥4 g/day EPA+DHA in the STRENGTH trial (PMID 33190147) applies to total daily EPA+DHA intake, regardless of source. Because krill oil delivers only 80–150 mg EPA+DHA per softgel, reaching the ≥4 g/day threshold from krill alone would require taking 25–50 softgels per day — practically infeasible. In standard krill regimens (1–2 softgels/day, delivering 80–300 mg EPA+DHA), the AF signal does not apply. People with a personal or family history of atrial fibrillation who combine krill oil with high-dose fish oil or prescription omega-3 medications should be aware of total intake and discuss with their physician.

Pregnancy and breastfeeding — prefer fish oil or algal oil

Although krill oil is approved as a food supplement ingredient by both EFSA and ANVISA without a pregnancy contra-indication, the clinical-trial evidence base for omega-3 during pregnancy and lactation is overwhelmingly built on fish oil and algal oil, not krill oil. The Cochrane systematic review supporting omega-3 for prevention of early preterm birth (PMID 30480773) is built on fish-oil and algal-oil trials. For pregnant and breastfeeding people who want a marine omega-3, fish oil or algal oil is the better-evidenced choice, with algal oil being the preferred option for vegetarian, vegan, or shellfish-allergic mothers.

Infants and young children

Direct DHA in infant formula and toddler nutrition is globally sourced from algal oil rather than krill. Krill oil is not a recognized DHA source for infants or young children, and there is no clinical rationale for using krill oil in this age group when algal oil is available.

The TMAO question (emerging)

The phosphatidylcholine that gives krill oil its phospholipid form is, in principle, a substrate for gut-microbial conversion to trimethylamine (TMA), which the liver then converts to trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) — a circulating metabolite associated with elevated cardiovascular risk in observational studies. To date, the krill oil clinical trials (Ulven 2011, Berge 2014) have not reported elevations of plasma TMAO to clinically concerning levels. The theoretical concern has not been borne out in the available human evidence, but it remains an area to watch as longer-term and larger trials are conducted.

Frequently Asked Questions

The questions below are the most-searched questions on krill oil across general web search and AI assistants. Answers reflect the evidence cited throughout this page and are intentionally concise; deeper detail lives in the relevant sections above.

Tags

Body Systems: Cardiovascular · Neurological & Cognitive · Skin & Connective Tissue · Immune System · Reproductive

Mechanisms: NF-κB signaling inhibition · Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) biosynthesis · Cell membrane phospholipid integration · PPAR-α activation · GPR120 receptor activation · Competitive metabolism with arachidonic acid

Evidence Tier: Mixed evidence (medium-large RCT supported · long-term hard-outcome trials absent) · B (head-to-head RCT level · krill-specific)

Dosage Range: 1-2 softgels/day (≈80-300 mg EPA+DHA · PL form · with food); shellfish-allergic individuals contra-indicated

Naturally Co-occurring Astaxanthin: 0.19-0.82 mg/g krill oil (≈0.1–0.4 mg per 500 mg softgel)

Parent Hub: Omega-3 (EPA / DHA / ALA)

Last Evidence Review: 2026-05-24 · Reviewed by Evidence Synthesis Lead + Regulatory Compliance Lead

Related Goals

• heart-health
• cognitive-support
• inflammation-relief
• reproductive-health
• menopause-support

Related Lifestyles

• senior-60-plus
• athletic-performance

Related Ingredients (Omega-3 cluster + co-occurring)

• omega-3
• fish-oil
• algal-oil
• flaxseed-ala
• astaxanthin

References

All PMIDs verified by upstream Scita evidence document (2026-05-24). Effect sizes are reported as published. The Scita upstream evidence document includes the full extraction provenance and the NutriCodex T0-Omega-3 vault cross-reference.

Krill-specific clinical evidence

1. PMID 21854650 · Schuchardt JP et al. (2011) · "Incorporation of EPA and DHA into plasma phospholipids in response to different omega-3 fatty acid formulations — a comparative bioavailability study of fish oil vs. krill oil" · Lipids in Health and Disease · 10:145 · single-dose PK n=12 · krill PL AUC_0–72h highest
2. PMID 21042875 · Ulven SM et al. (2011) · "Metabolic effects of krill oil are essentially similar to those of fish oil but at lower dose of EPA and DHA, in healthy volunteers" · Lipids · 46(1):37-46 · 7-week parallel RCT n=113 · equal RBC omega-3 index at krill ~63% fish dose
3. PMID 26328782 · Yurko-Mauro K et al. (2015) · "Similar eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid plasma levels achieved with fish oil or krill oil in a randomized double-blind four-week bioavailability study" · Lipids in Health and Disease · 14:99 · 4-week parallel RCT n=66 · no significant plasma EPA/DHA difference at matched doses
4. PMID 24461313 · Berge K, Musa-Veloso K, Harwood M, Hoem N, Burri L (2014) · "Krill oil supplementation lowers serum triglycerides without increasing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in adults with borderline high or high triglyceride levels" · Nutrition Research · 34(2):126-133 · 12-week 5-arm RCT n=300 · TG -10.2% pooled
5. PMID 15656713 · Bunea R, El Farrah K, Deutsch L (2004) · "Evaluation of the effects of krill oil on the clinical course of hyperlipidemia" · Alternative Medicine Review · 9(4):420-428 · 4-arm RCT n=120 · dose-dependent TC / LDL / HDL effects · manufacturer-funded
6. PMID 24098072 · Konagai C et al. (2013) · "Effects of krill oil containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipid form on human brain function: a randomized controlled trial in healthy elderly volunteers" · Clinical Interventions in Aging · 8:1247-1257 · 12-week three-arm RCT n=45 · working-memory + cerebral oxygenated-Hb signal
7. PMID 12777162 · Sampalis F et al. (2003) · "Evaluation of the effects of krill oil on the management of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea" · Alternative Medicine Review · 8(2):171-179 · 3-month parallel RCT n=70 · krill > fish on PMS scores · manufacturer-funded

Krill oil reexamination and meta-analysis

8. PMC4161905 · Salem N Jr, Kuratko CN (2014) · "A reexamination of krill oil bioavailability studies" · Lipids in Health and Disease · 13:137 · normalization caveat for earlier krill bioavailability claims
9. PMID 28371906 · Ursoniu S et al. (2017) · "Lipid-modifying effects of krill oil supplementation in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" · Nutrients · 9(4):402 · small but statistically significant TG / TC / LDL reductions + HDL increase

Sustainability and fishery management references

• CCAMLR — Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources · www.ccamlr.org — krill fishery management, conservation measures, and current catch statistics (620,000 t trigger limit · ~0.4% of biomass)
• Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) — Antarctic krill fishery certification record · www.msc.org — first certified 2010 · successive re-certifications since
• Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC) — independent position statements on Antarctic krill fishery management · www.asoc.org
• Pew Charitable Trusts — Antarctic and Southern Ocean conservation work · www.pewtrusts.org

Cross-reference to omega-3 cluster hub

For the broader EPA/DHA/ALA evidence base — including the major cardiovascular outcome trials (REDUCE-IT PMID 30415628, VITAL PMID 30415637, STRENGTH PMID 33190147), the depression meta-analyses (PMID 31383846, PMID 26978738), the rheumatoid arthritis meta-analysis (PMID 38922552), the pregnancy Cochrane review (PMID 30480773), and the cognition trials — see the Omega-3 cluster hub (D5 #4).

Cross-Links to Sibling Sub-Pages

This page is part of the Omega-3 evidence cluster on asxan.ai's educational hub:

• Parent hub: Omega-3 (EPA / DHA / ALA) — the cluster hub covering chemistry, conversion, mechanisms, evidence cluster narratives, dose-and-form guidance, and the cardiovascular / depression / pregnancy / inflammation evidence base across all omega-3 sources.
• Sibling: Fish Oil — the deepest omega-3 evidence base; standard, concentrated rTG, and prescription EE forms; cardiovascular outcomes; rheumatoid arthritis; depression.
• Sibling: Algal Oil — the plant-based and closed-system fermentation route to direct EPA and DHA; the preferred choice for vegetarian, vegan, shellfish-allergic, and pregnant populations.
• Sibling: Flaxseed / ALA — the plant-based omega-3 (α-linolenic acid); ALA-to-EPA/DHA conversion limits; cardiovascular and inflammation evidence specific to plant ALA.
• Related: Astaxanthin — the red-orange xanthophyll carotenoid that krill carries as a built-in antioxidant; the dedicated sub-page covers astaxanthin clinical doses (4–12 mg/day) across skin, eye, cardiometabolic, exercise, and reproductive endpoints.

Educational Disclaimer

Educational content · not medical advice · not a product page · consult a qualified healthcare provider for individual recommendations. References to "Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) oil" and "MSC-certified krill fishery" describe the ingredient and fishery category generically; this page does not endorse or recommend any specific supplier or brand. Sustainability statements reflect publicly available CCAMLR, MSC, and conservation-NGO information as of the page's publication date.