{
  "authorized_claims": [
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Vitamin B12 contributes to normal red blood cell formation.",
      "authorization_date": "2012",
      "conditions": "Reg 1924/2006 art 10(2) + Annex: claim may only be used for food which is at least a \"source of vitamin B12\" as referred to in the Annex to Reg 1924/2006"
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Vitamin B12 contributes to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue.",
      "authorization_date": "2012",
      "conditions": "Reg 1924/2006 art 10(2) + Annex: claim may only be used for food which is at least a \"source of vitamin B12\""
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Vitamin B12 contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism.",
      "authorization_date": "2012",
      "conditions": "Reg 1924/2006 art 10(2) + Annex: claim may only be used for food which is at least a \"source of vitamin B12\""
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Vitamin B12 contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system.",
      "authorization_date": "2012",
      "conditions": "Reg 1924/2006 art 10(2) + Annex: claim may only be used for food which is at least a \"source of vitamin B12\""
    },
    {
      "market": "ANVISA",
      "framework_reference": "IN 28/2018 Anexo V alegação funcional",
      "claim_verbatim": "A vitamina B12 auxilia na formação de células vermelhas do sangue.",
      "authorization_date": "2018",
      "conditions": "IN 28/2018 Anexo V: alegação restrita a suplementos cujo aporte diário do nutriente atenda à quantidade mínima do Anexo II (2,4 μg para adultos)"
    }
  ],
  "slug": "vitamin-b12",
  "name": "Vitamin B12 · Cobalamin (Cyanocobalamin · Methylcobalamin · Hydroxocobalamin · Adenosylcobalamin)",
  "alternate_names": [
    "Cobalamin",
    "Cyanocobalamin",
    "Methylcobalamin",
    "Hydroxocobalamin"
  ],
  "mechanism": [
    "Cofactor for methionine synthase (homocysteine → methionine remethylation)",
    "Cofactor for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (odd-chain fatty acid metabolism)",
    "Supports myelin synthesis via methylation pathways"
  ],
  "target": [
    "Erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation)",
    "Homocysteine metabolism",
    "Myelin / peripheral nerve maintenance"
  ],
  "use_case": [
    "plant-based diet adequacy (B12 is exclusively animal-source in nature)",
    "food-cobalamin malabsorption in adults > 50",
    "pernicious anaemia replacement (with clinician oversight)",
    "fatigue reduction with confirmed deficiency"
  ],
  "body_system": [
    "BLOOD",
    "NEURO",
    "METABOLISM"
  ],
  "evidence_tier": "A",
  "evidence_anchor_pmid_count": 1,
  "dosage_range": "RDA 2.4 μg/day (adults); high-dose oral replacement 1000 μg/day can be effective in food-cobalamin malabsorption, but is not always sufficient at 4 months follow-up (Favrat 2011 PMID 21232119 BMC Family Practice pragmatic RCT n = 50, 1000 μg/day x 4 weeks · MMA partially normalised vs placebo but markers not sustained at 4 months); higher doses (5000 μg/day) may be required for sustained correction",
  "safety_notes": "Very wide safety margin in healthy adults — no Tolerable Upper Intake Level established by NIH ODS; rare allergic reactions to cyanocobalamin reported; methylcobalamin or hydroxocobalamin alternatives available for cyanide-sensitive individuals",
  "regulatory": {
    "fda": "GRAS · DSHEA dietary supplement · multiple structure/function claims permitted; DV 6 μg (current label)",
    "efsa": "Authorized claims Reg 432/2012 cover red blood cell formation, energy metabolism, fatigue, nervous system, homocysteine metabolism, psychological function, immune system, cell division; NRV 2.5 μg",
    "anvisa": "RDC 243/2018 dietary supplement · IN 28/2018 Anexo V alegações funcionais verbatim: \"A vitamina B12 auxilia na formação de células vermelhas do sangue.\" + additional energy / nervous system claims available when nutrient threshold met"
  },
  "ingredient_hub_url": "https://asxan.ai/ingredients/vitamin-b12/",
  "related_goal_slugs": [
    "cognitive-support",
    "longevity-stack"
  ],
  "related_lifestyle_slugs": [
    "plant-based",
    "senior-60-plus"
  ],
  "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-04",
  "schema_version": "nc-public-v0.2",
  "api_version": "nc-public-v0.3",
  "_meta": {
    "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-04",
    "ip_axes_disclosed": {
      "public_axes": [
        "mechanism",
        "target",
        "use_case",
        "body_system",
        "evidence_tier",
        "dosage_range",
        "safety_notes",
        "regulatory",
        "authorized_claims"
      ],
      "ip_axes_not_exposed": [
        "proprietary_formula_ratios",
        "clinical_protocol_internals",
        "rnd_pipeline_compounds",
        "supplier_specific_grade_specifications",
        "unpublished_endpoint_data"
      ],
      "rationale": "asxan.ai surfaces the educational, evidence-tier-disclosed slice. Formula composition, clinical-protocol internals, and RnD pipeline data are intentionally outside this public surface."
    }
  }
}