{
  "authorized_claims": [
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Vitamin E contributes to the protection of cells from oxidative stress.",
      "authorization_date": "2012",
      "conditions": "Reg 1924/2006 art 10(2) + Annex: claim may only be used for food which is at least a \"source of vitamin E\" as referred to in the Annex to Reg 1924/2006"
    },
    {
      "market": "ANVISA",
      "framework_reference": "IN 28/2018 Anexo V alegação funcional",
      "claim_verbatim": "A vitamina E é um antioxidante que auxilia na proteção dos danos causados pelos radicais livres.",
      "authorization_date": "2018",
      "conditions": "IN 28/2018 Anexo V: alegação restrita a suplementos cujo aporte diário do nutriente atenda à quantidade mínima do Anexo II (15 mg de equivalentes de α-tocoferol para adultos)"
    }
  ],
  "slug": "tocopherols",
  "name": "Vitamin E · Tocopherols (α-Tocopherol family)",
  "alternate_names": [
    "Alpha-tocopherol",
    "d-α-tocopherol",
    "Mixed tocopherols",
    "Vitamin E"
  ],
  "mechanism": [
    "Lipid-soluble chain-breaking antioxidant in cell membranes",
    "Quenches peroxyl radicals in lipoprotein membranes",
    "Modulates NF-κB and PKC signalling in macrophages"
  ],
  "target": [
    "Cell membrane lipid layer",
    "Oxidative stress markers",
    "Macular antioxidant network"
  ],
  "use_case": [
    "cellular oxidative stress protection",
    "age-related macular degeneration progression support (alongside AREDS2 cluster)",
    "general antioxidant adequacy"
  ],
  "body_system": [
    "CELL",
    "VISION",
    "CARDIO"
  ],
  "evidence_tier": "B",
  "evidence_anchor_pmid_count": 1,
  "dosage_range": "15 mg α-tocopherol equivalents per day RDA (adults); AREDS2-style trials use 400 IU (≈ 268 mg) within the multi-ingredient formula; Cochrane SR (Evans 2017 PMID 28756618) of 19 trials reported antioxidant vitamins associated with reduced progression to late AMD (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.58-0.90, moderate-certainty)",
  "safety_notes": "High-dose α-tocopherol (≥ 400 IU/day) has been associated with all-cause mortality signal in some meta-analyses (Miller 2005) — long-term supraphysiologic dosing is not recommended without clinician oversight; vitamin K antagonist (warfarin) interaction at high doses",
  "regulatory": {
    "fda": "GRAS · DSHEA dietary supplement · structure/function claims permitted",
    "efsa": "Authorized health claim Reg 432/2012 oxidative-stress protection (vitamin E source threshold required); NRV 12 mg",
    "anvisa": "RDC 243/2018 dietary supplement · IN 28/2018 Anexo V alegação funcional verbatim: \"A vitamina E auxilia na proteção dos danos causados pelos radicais livres.\""
  },
  "ingredient_hub_url": "https://asxan.ai/ingredients/tocopherols/",
  "related_goal_slugs": [
    "eye-protection",
    "longevity-stack",
    "skin-beauty"
  ],
  "related_lifestyle_slugs": [
    "senior-60-plus"
  ],
  "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-04",
  "schema_version": "nc-public-v0.2",
  "api_version": "nc-public-v0.3",
  "_meta": {
    "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-04",
    "ip_axes_disclosed": {
      "public_axes": [
        "mechanism",
        "target",
        "use_case",
        "body_system",
        "evidence_tier",
        "dosage_range",
        "safety_notes",
        "regulatory",
        "authorized_claims"
      ],
      "ip_axes_not_exposed": [
        "proprietary_formula_ratios",
        "clinical_protocol_internals",
        "rnd_pipeline_compounds",
        "supplier_specific_grade_specifications",
        "unpublished_endpoint_data"
      ],
      "rationale": "asxan.ai surfaces the educational, evidence-tier-disclosed slice. Formula composition, clinical-protocol internals, and RnD pipeline data are intentionally outside this public surface."
    }
  }
}