{
  "slug": "thiamine",
  "name": "Thiamine (Vitamin B1)",
  "alternate_names": [
    "Vitamin B1",
    "Thiamin",
    "Aneurine",
    "Thiamine hydrochloride",
    "Thiamine mononitrate",
    "Benfotiamine (fat-soluble derivative)"
  ],
  "mechanism": [
    "Active form thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is the coenzyme for pyruvate dehydrogenase, driving entry of carbohydrate-derived pyruvate into the TCA cycle",
    "Cofactor for the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex within the TCA cycle (oxidative energy metabolism)",
    "Cofactor for transketolase in the pentose phosphate pathway (NADPH regeneration and ribose-5-phosphate supply)",
    "Cofactor for the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCAA catabolism)",
    "Mechanistic studies describe TPP-dependent flux as essential for normal energy-yielding metabolism and nervous-system function"
  ],
  "target": [
    "Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)",
    "Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha-KGDH)",
    "Transketolase (TKT)",
    "Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH)",
    "SLC19A2 / SLC19A3 thiamine transporters"
  ],
  "use_case": [
    "essential-nutrient adequacy and dietary B1 supplementation (research context)",
    "energy-yielding metabolism support (EFSA-authorized function)",
    "normal nervous-system function support (EFSA-authorized function)",
    "exercise-related fatigue research (oral monotherapy RCT, healthy adults)",
    "deficiency-risk populations studied in research: chronic alcohol use, post-bariatric, long-term diuretic use (clinician-managed, not a supplement claim)"
  ],
  "body_system": [
    "NEURO",
    "MITO",
    "METABOLISM",
    "CARDIO",
    "MUSCULO"
  ],
  "evidence_tier": "A",
  "evidence_anchor_pmid_count": 3,
  "dosage_range": "RDA/RNI 1.1-1.4 mg/day (deficiency prevention; women 1.1 mg, men 1.2 mg US RDA; China RNI 1.2-1.4 mg). Common oral supplement / energy-metabolism doses 25-100 mg/day (DSLD median 100 mg/day across 38 products). Exercise-fatigue research used ~100 mg/day oral thiamine for ≥4 weeks (Suzuki 1996 PMID 8815395). Benfotiamine (fat-soluble derivative, ~5x bioavailability) research doses 300-1050 mg/day are study-grade and outside routine supplement use. No Tolerable Upper Intake Level set for oral water-soluble thiamine (excess excreted in urine).",
  "safety_notes": "Water-soluble thiamine has a very wide safety margin with no established Tolerable Upper Intake Level — excess is excreted renally and oral toxicity is clinically very rare. Allergy to thiamine is extremely uncommon. Benfotiamine is fat-soluble and reaches markedly higher plasma levels; long-term data at ≥300 mg/day are limited and such doses are research-grade. Thiaminases in some raw freshwater fish and certain fermented teas, and polyphenols in tea, can reduce B1 absorption. Suspected Wernicke encephalopathy is a medical emergency requiring IV/IM thiamine under clinical care and cannot be substituted by oral supplements (informational only, not a product claim).",
  "regulatory": {
    "fda": "GRAS by regulation — 21 CFR 184.1875 (Thiamine HCl) and 21 CFR 184.1878 (Thiamine mononitrate); lawful dietary supplement ingredient; structure/function claims permitted with the mandatory FDA disclaimer (statement not evaluated by FDA; not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent disease). Daily Value 1.2 mg.",
    "efsa": "Permitted vitamin under Directive 2002/46/EC Annex I; 4 authorized Art. 13.1 health claims under Reg 432/2012 (energy-yielding metabolism, nervous system, function of the heart, psychological function), usable verbatim when the food/supplement is at least a 'source of thiamine' per Reg 1924/2006. NRV 1.1 mg; DRV 0.1 mg/MJ.",
    "anvisa": "Permitted vitamin under RDC 269/2005 and the RDC 243/2018 supplement framework; daily maximum amounts regulated by IN 28/2018; functional claims must use ANVISA-approved wording. Benfotiamine is not on the RDC 269 vitamin positive list and requires separate compliance review for high-dose formulas."
  },
  "authorized_claims": [
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Thiamine contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism"
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Thiamine contributes to the normal functioning of the nervous system"
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Thiamine contributes to the normal function of the heart"
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Thiamine contributes to normal psychological function"
    }
  ],
  "ingredient_hub_url": "https://asxan.ai/ingredients/thiamine/",
  "related_goal_slugs": [
    "cognitive-support",
    "heart-health"
  ],
  "related_lifestyle_slugs": [
    "senior-60-plus"
  ],
  "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-13",
  "schema_version": "nc-public-v0.2",
  "api_version": "nc-public-v0.3",
  "_meta": {
    "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-13",
    "ip_axes_disclosed": {
      "public_axes": [
        "mechanism",
        "target",
        "use_case",
        "body_system",
        "evidence_tier",
        "dosage_range",
        "safety_notes",
        "regulatory",
        "authorized_claims"
      ],
      "ip_axes_not_exposed": [
        "proprietary_formula_ratios",
        "clinical_protocol_internals",
        "rnd_pipeline_compounds",
        "supplier_specific_grade_specifications",
        "unpublished_endpoint_data"
      ],
      "rationale": "asxan.ai surfaces the educational, evidence-tier-disclosed slice. Formula composition, clinical-protocol internals, and RnD pipeline data are intentionally outside this public surface."
    }
  }
}