{
  "slug": "taurine",
  "name": "Taurine",
  "alternate_names": [
    "Taurine",
    "2-aminoethanesulfonic acid",
    "L-taurine"
  ],
  "mechanism": [
    "Osmoregulation / cell-volume control",
    "Antioxidant / free-radical scavenging (taurine chloramine)",
    "Mitochondrial tRNA modification (conditionally essential for mt-tRNA wobble modification)",
    "Calcium handling / membrane stabilization in cardiomyocytes"
  ],
  "target": [
    "SLC6A6 (TauT taurine transporter)",
    "GABA-A receptor",
    "Glycine receptor",
    "Mitochondrial tRNA"
  ],
  "use_case": [
    "cardiovascular / blood-pressure markers (research-context)",
    "metabolic syndrome / glycemic + lipid markers (research-context)",
    "endurance exercise performance and recovery (research-context)"
  ],
  "body_system": [
    "CARDIO",
    "METABOLISM",
    "MUSCULO",
    "MITO"
  ],
  "evidence_tier": "A",
  "evidence_anchor_pmid_count": 5,
  "dosage_range": "1.5-3 g/day for most directions (CV/endothelial 1.5-3 g/day x 8-12 wk; metabolic syndrome 1.5-6 g/day, >=3 g/day better; serum lipids 3 g/day x 7 wk); acute endurance 1-6 g single dose pre-exercise. Energy drinks ~1000 mg/serving. Large safety margin (EFSA: single 6 g no adverse effects).",
  "safety_notes": "Well tolerated at 3-6 g/day long-term across multiple RCTs/meta-analyses; high doses occasionally mild GI discomfort. EFSA 2009: no safety concern at routine intake. FDA GRAS (GRN 586). Theoretical additive effect with antihypertensive/antidiabetic drugs; may lower serum lithium (caution in psychiatric patients). Natural component of breast milk/infant formula. Not a stimulant — must not be marketed as lasting energy or a caffeine substitute.",
  "regulatory": {
    "fda": "GRAS (GRN 586, non-carbonated flavored water-based beverages) + Old Dietary Ingredient under DSHEA (pre-1994, no NDI required); structure/function claims only; no authorized health claim",
    "efsa": "Legal food ingredient (not Novel Food); energy-drink use legal. EFSA 2009 safety opinion: no safety concern at routine exposure. ALL taurine health claims REJECTED by EFSA 2011 (heart/fatigue/cognition/vision)",
    "anvisa": "Permitted food-supplement & energy-drink constituent (RDC 243/2018 / RDC 273/2005 limit 400 mg/100 mL); no taurine-specific functional claim authorized"
  },
  "authorized_claims": [],
  "ingredient_hub_url": "https://asxan.ai/ingredients/taurine/",
  "related_goal_slugs": [
    "heart-health"
  ],
  "related_lifestyle_slugs": [
    "athletic-performance"
  ],
  "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-13",
  "schema_version": "nc-public-v0.2",
  "api_version": "nc-public-v0.3",
  "_meta": {
    "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-13",
    "ip_axes_disclosed": {
      "public_axes": [
        "mechanism",
        "target",
        "use_case",
        "body_system",
        "evidence_tier",
        "dosage_range",
        "safety_notes",
        "regulatory",
        "authorized_claims"
      ],
      "ip_axes_not_exposed": [
        "proprietary_formula_ratios",
        "clinical_protocol_internals",
        "rnd_pipeline_compounds",
        "supplier_specific_grade_specifications",
        "unpublished_endpoint_data"
      ],
      "rationale": "asxan.ai surfaces the educational, evidence-tier-disclosed slice. Formula composition, clinical-protocol internals, and RnD pipeline data are intentionally outside this public surface."
    }
  }
}