{
  "slug": "riboflavin",
  "name": "Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)",
  "alternate_names": [
    "Vitamin B2",
    "Riboflavin 5'-phosphate (FMN)",
    "Lactoflavin",
    "E101"
  ],
  "mechanism": [
    "FAD/FMN cofactor for electron transport chain Complex I/II (ATP production)",
    "Glutathione reductase cofactor regenerating reduced glutathione (GSH)",
    "MTHFR flavin cofactor in homocysteine remethylation",
    "Fatty-acid beta-oxidation cofactor (acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family)",
    "Iron-metabolism cofactor (ferritin iron mobilization + erythrocyte maturation)"
  ],
  "target": [
    "ETC Complex I-III",
    "Glutathione reductase (GSR)",
    "MTHFR",
    "Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase",
    "GSH pool"
  ],
  "use_case": [
    "energy-yielding metabolism (research context)",
    "migraine-frequency research (400 mg/day adult RCT/meta context)",
    "cellular antioxidant / glutathione regeneration markers",
    "iron metabolism & red-blood-cell maintenance",
    "skin & mucous-membrane maintenance",
    "MTHFR 677TT homocysteine research context"
  ],
  "body_system": [
    "MITO",
    "NEURO",
    "SKIN",
    "VISION",
    "BLOOD",
    "CELL"
  ],
  "evidence_tier": "A",
  "evidence_anchor_pmid_count": 3,
  "dosage_range": "RDA/AI 1.1-1.6 mg/day (general adult adequacy) · migraine-research dosing 400 mg/day x 3 months (adults · educational reference, exceeds routine supplement levels in CN/BR/EU) · MTHFR 677TT homocysteine research 1.6 mg/day x 12 weeks",
  "safety_notes": "Water-soluble · no established UL (excess excreted in urine) · harmless bright-yellow urine common above ~25-30 mg/dose (absorption saturates ~25-30 mg/meal, split high doses) · light-sensitive (store dark/foil) · avoid during neonatal jaundice blue-light phototherapy (riboflavin photodegrades) · no adequate riboflavin-specific monotherapy data for pregnancy/lactation beyond RDA · consult a healthcare provider before high-dose use",
  "regulatory": {
    "fda": "GRAS by regulation (21 CFR 184.1695 Riboflavin · 21 CFR 184.1697 Riboflavin 5'-phosphate) · lawful dietary-supplement ingredient · structure/function claims permitted with FDA disclaimer",
    "efsa": "Directive 2002/46/EC Annex I permitted vitamin · Reg 432/2012 — 9 authorized Art.13.1 health claims (most of any B-vitamin)",
    "anvisa": "RDC 269/2005 + RDC 243/2018 dietary-supplement framework · IN 28/2018 daily-maximum monitored · riboflavina constituent permitted · no derivative-specific compliance divergence"
  },
  "authorized_claims": [
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Riboflavin contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism"
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Riboflavin contributes to the normal functioning of the nervous system"
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Riboflavin contributes to the maintenance of normal mucous membranes"
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Riboflavin contributes to the maintenance of normal red blood cells"
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Riboflavin contributes to the maintenance of normal skin"
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Riboflavin contributes to the maintenance of normal vision"
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Riboflavin contributes to normal metabolism of iron"
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Riboflavin contributes to the protection of cells from oxidative stress"
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Riboflavin contributes to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue"
    }
  ],
  "ingredient_hub_url": "https://asxan.ai/ingredients/riboflavin/",
  "related_goal_slugs": [
    "cognitive-support"
  ],
  "related_lifestyle_slugs": [
    "senior-60-plus"
  ],
  "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-13",
  "schema_version": "nc-public-v0.2",
  "api_version": "nc-public-v0.3",
  "_meta": {
    "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-13",
    "ip_axes_disclosed": {
      "public_axes": [
        "mechanism",
        "target",
        "use_case",
        "body_system",
        "evidence_tier",
        "dosage_range",
        "safety_notes",
        "regulatory",
        "authorized_claims"
      ],
      "ip_axes_not_exposed": [
        "proprietary_formula_ratios",
        "clinical_protocol_internals",
        "rnd_pipeline_compounds",
        "supplier_specific_grade_specifications",
        "unpublished_endpoint_data"
      ],
      "rationale": "asxan.ai surfaces the educational, evidence-tier-disclosed slice. Formula composition, clinical-protocol internals, and RnD pipeline data are intentionally outside this public surface."
    }
  }
}