{
  "slug": "pyridoxine",
  "name": "Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)",
  "alternate_names": [
    "Vitamin B6",
    "Pyridoxine HCl",
    "Pyridoxine hydrochloride",
    "Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (P5P)",
    "PLP"
  ],
  "mechanism": [
    "Active form pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) serves as a cofactor for over 140 PLP-dependent enzymes (transaminases, decarboxylases, racemases) — the broadest coenzyme footprint among B-vitamins",
    "Cofactor for neurotransmitter-synthesizing decarboxylases (GABA via glutamate decarboxylase; serotonin/dopamine/noradrenaline via aromatic L-amino-acid decarboxylase)",
    "Cofactor for cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) in the homocysteine transsulfuration pathway, supporting cysteine synthesis",
    "Cofactor in the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway feeding niacin/NAD biosynthesis",
    "Cofactor for delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS), the rate-limiting enzyme of heme biosynthesis, supporting red-cell maturation"
  ],
  "target": [
    "Cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS)",
    "Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC)",
    "Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)",
    "Serotonin (5-HT) synthesis pathway",
    "GABA synthesis pathway",
    "Delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS / heme biosynthesis)"
  ],
  "use_case": [
    "Energy-yielding metabolism and fatigue reduction (research context)",
    "Normal nervous-system function (research context)",
    "Homocysteine and cysteine metabolism (research context)",
    "Psychological function and stress in healthy adults (research context)",
    "Hormonal activity regulation / premenstrual symptoms (research context, US/BR)",
    "Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (clinical context, ACOG first-line, US)",
    "Immune function and red-blood-cell formation (research context)",
    "General micronutrient supplementation"
  ],
  "body_system": [
    "NEURO",
    "MITO",
    "REPRO",
    "BLOOD",
    "MOOD",
    "IMMUNE"
  ],
  "evidence_tier": "A",
  "evidence_anchor_pmid_count": 3,
  "dosage_range": "RDA/AI 1.3-1.7 mg/day (general nutrition). Studied intervention doses: PMS RCTs 50-100 mg/day x 3 months; pregnancy NVP 10-25 mg per meal up to 100 mg/day (ACOG first-line); Mg+B6 stress combination 30 mg/day x 8 weeks; high-dose anxiety RCT 100 mg/day x 1 month. Upper limits: EU UL 12 mg/day (EFSA 2023), China UL 60 mg/day, US UL 100 mg/day. Chronic intake >=50 mg/day carries a dose-/time-dependent sensory peripheral-neuropathy risk.",
  "safety_notes": "Generally well tolerated at nutritional doses. The defining and unique B-vitamin safety signal is dose- and time-dependent sensory peripheral neuropathy: risk emerges with chronic intake >=50 mg/day and is high at >=200 mg/day, with typical onset 6-40 months; first symptoms are distal tingling/numbness/burning, progressing to gait instability and proprioceptive loss (may be irreversible). EFSA tightened the adult UL from 25 mg/day to 12 mg/day in 2023. Drug interactions: high-dose B6 can reduce levodopa efficacy when not combined with carbidopa; isoniazid induces B6 deficiency. Pregnancy NVP use is ACOG/FDA first-line (Category A combination products) but limited to mild-to-moderate cases; severe hyperemesis requires medical care. Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy is a medical (rescue-dose) indication, not a supplement use case. Not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.",
  "regulatory": {
    "fda": "GRAS by regulation (21 CFR 184.1676, Pyridoxine hydrochloride); lawful dietary-supplement ingredient; structure/function claims permitted with the standard FDA disclaimer. Adult UL 100 mg/day. Pregnancy NVP: ACOG first-line; doxylamine-pyridoxine combination products are FDA Category A.",
    "efsa": "Permitted vitamin under Directive 2002/46/EC Annex I; 10 authorized Art.13.1 claims (the most of any B-vitamin) under Regulation 432/2012. CAUTION: EFSA tightened the adult Tolerable Upper Intake Level from 25 mg/day to 12 mg/day in 2023; high-dose formulations require a medical context and per-product review.",
    "anvisa": "Permitted under RDC 269/2005 and the RDC 243/2018 food-supplement framework; maximum daily amounts regulated by IN 28/2018 (daily reference value 1.3 mg). Pregnancy NVP and high-dose formats require dedicated/medicinal registration pathways. (China NMPA: GB 14880 food fortifier and GB 2760 permitted; adult UL 60 mg/day.)"
  },
  "authorized_claims": [
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Vitamin B6 contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism (EFSA Art"
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Vitamin B6 contributes to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue (EFSA Art"
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Vitamin B6 contributes to normal protein and glycogen metabolism (EFSA Art"
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Vitamin B6 contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system (EFSA Art"
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Vitamin B6 contributes to normal homocysteine metabolism (EFSA Art"
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Vitamin B6 contributes to normal cysteine synthesis (EFSA Art"
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Vitamin B6 contributes to normal psychological function (EFSA Art"
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Vitamin B6 contributes to normal red blood cell formation (EFSA Art"
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Vitamin B6 contributes to normal immune function (EFSA Art"
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Vitamin B6 contributes to the regulation of hormonal activity (EFSA Art"
    }
  ],
  "ingredient_hub_url": "https://asxan.ai/ingredients/pyridoxine/",
  "related_goal_slugs": [
    "cognitive-support",
    "reproductive-health"
  ],
  "related_lifestyle_slugs": [
    "pregnancy"
  ],
  "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-13",
  "schema_version": "nc-public-v0.2",
  "api_version": "nc-public-v0.3",
  "_meta": {
    "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-13",
    "ip_axes_disclosed": {
      "public_axes": [
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        "target",
        "use_case",
        "body_system",
        "evidence_tier",
        "dosage_range",
        "safety_notes",
        "regulatory",
        "authorized_claims"
      ],
      "ip_axes_not_exposed": [
        "proprietary_formula_ratios",
        "clinical_protocol_internals",
        "rnd_pipeline_compounds",
        "supplier_specific_grade_specifications",
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      ],
      "rationale": "asxan.ai surfaces the educational, evidence-tier-disclosed slice. Formula composition, clinical-protocol internals, and RnD pipeline data are intentionally outside this public surface."
    }
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}