{
  "slug": "nad-hub",
  "name": "NAD+ (Precursor Family · NMN / NR / Niacinamide / Niacin / NADH)",
  "alternate_names": [
    "NAD+ precursors",
    "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide",
    "NAD booster family"
  ],
  "mechanism": [
    "Salvage pathway (NMN · NR · niacinamide → NAD+)",
    "Preiss-Handler pathway (niacin → NAD+)",
    "NADH = reduced electron-carrier cofactor at Complex I, not a precursor",
    "Sirtuin / PARP / CD38 NAD+-consuming enzyme support"
  ],
  "target": [
    "Cellular NAD+ pool",
    "Mitochondrial energy metabolism",
    "Skin (niacinamide)",
    "Age-related NAD+ decline"
  ],
  "use_case": [
    "cellular NAD+ support",
    "healthy aging (research context)",
    "skin protection (niacinamide)",
    "physical-function support in older adults (NMN)"
  ],
  "body_system": [
    "MITO",
    "METABOLISM",
    "SKIN",
    "CNS"
  ],
  "evidence_tier": "A",
  "evidence_anchor_pmid_count": 30,
  "dosage_range": "Member-specific: NMN 250–1,000 mg/day · NR ~300–1,000 mg/day · niacinamide 500 mg twice daily (skin) · NADH 5–20 mg/day · direct oral and IV NAD+ are not evidence-supported",
  "safety_notes": "Generally well tolerated at studied doses; niacin (not niacinamide) causes flushing in >80% at lipid-modifying doses and its 4PY metabolite is a vascular-inflammation signal (Ferrell 2024 PMID 38383798); no adequate human safety data in pregnancy/lactation for NMN/NR/NMNH/NADH; long-term (>6 month) human data sparse for NMN and NR",
  "regulatory": {
    "fda": "Vitamin-B3 members (niacinamide · niacin) GRAS; NR GRAS (Niagen); NMN is an NDI (legal status restored 2025-09-29); NADH NDI/DSHEA",
    "efsa": "Niacinamide / niacin carry authorized vitamin B3 health claims (Reg 432/2012); NMN and NR are Novel Food (NR authorized with national variation, NMN applications pending); NADH has no EFSA-authorized claim",
    "anvisa": "Niacinamide / niacin on the IN 28/2018 positive list (functional claims); NMN is under a full-chain prohibition (ANVISA RE 1139/2022, 2022-04-07); NR and NADH evaluated case-by-case",
    "cn": "Niacinamide / niacin are established nutrients (GB 14880 fortification + health-food vitamin B3 function); NMN is NOT approved as a novel food or health-food raw material (NMPA filing rejected · cosmetic-topical only); NADH / NMNH have no compliant sales pathway"
  },
  "regulatory_markets": [
    {
      "market": "US",
      "status": "GRAS"
    },
    {
      "market": "EU",
      "status": "EFSA"
    },
    {
      "market": "CN",
      "status": "NMPA"
    },
    {
      "market": "BR",
      "status": "ANVISA"
    }
  ],
  "ingredient_hub_url": "https://asxan.ai/ingredients/nad-hub/",
  "related_goal_slugs": [
    "longevity-stack",
    "cognitive-support",
    "athletic-performance",
    "heart-health"
  ],
  "related_lifestyle_slugs": [
    "senior-60-plus",
    "high-stress",
    "intermittent-fasting"
  ],
  "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-21",
  "schema_version": "nc-public-v0.2",
  "api_version": "nc-public-v0.3",
  "_meta": {
    "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-21",
    "ip_axes_disclosed": {
      "public_axes": [
        "mechanism",
        "target",
        "use_case",
        "body_system",
        "evidence_tier",
        "dosage_range",
        "safety_notes",
        "regulatory",
        "authorized_claims"
      ],
      "ip_axes_not_exposed": [
        "proprietary_formula_ratios",
        "clinical_protocol_internals",
        "proprietary_research_compounds",
        "supplier_specific_grade_specifications",
        "unpublished_endpoint_data"
      ],
      "rationale": "asxan.ai surfaces the educational, evidence-tier-disclosed slice. Formula composition and clinical-protocol internals are intentionally outside this public surface."
    }
  }
}