{
  "authorized_claims": [
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Molybdenum contributes to normal sulphur amino acid metabolism",
      "conditions": "The claim may be used only for food which is at least a source of molybdenum as referred to in the claim SOURCE OF [NAME OF VITAMIN/S] AND/OR [NAME OF MINERAL/S] as listed in the Annex to Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006."
    }
  ],
  "slug": "molybdenum",
  "name": "Molybdenum",
  "evidence_anchors": [
    {
      "pmid": "19675644",
      "title": "Mo enzymes, Mo cofactor and pathways of Mo cofactor biosynthesis",
      "authors": [
        "Schwarz G",
        "Mendel RR",
        "Ribbe MW"
      ],
      "year": "2009",
      "journal": "Nature",
      "pub_type": "Review",
      "outcome_tag": "mechanistic",
      "role_note": "Molybdenum cofactor (MoCo) biosynthesis pathway · 4 mammalian Mo-enzymes (sulphite oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase, aldehyde oxidase, mARC)"
    },
    {
      "pmid": "16669776",
      "title": "Molybdenum cofactors, enzymes and pathways",
      "authors": [
        "Schwarz G",
        "Mendel RR"
      ],
      "year": "2006",
      "journal": "Annu Rev Plant Biol",
      "pub_type": "Review",
      "outcome_tag": "review",
      "role_note": "Comprehensive review of molybdenum cofactor biology · pterin-based MoCo synthesis and Mo enzyme catalytic mechanisms"
    },
    {
      "pmid": "8302261",
      "title": "Molybdenum: an essential trace element",
      "authors": [
        "Sardesai VM"
      ],
      "year": "1993",
      "journal": "Nutr Clin Pract",
      "pub_type": "Review",
      "outcome_tag": "review",
      "role_note": "Clinical overview of molybdenum essentiality and human dietary requirements"
    }
  ],
  "alternate_names": [
    "Mo",
    "Sodium molybdate",
    "Ammonium molybdate",
    "Molybdenum glycinate",
    "Molibdênio",
    "Molybdène (FR)"
  ],
  "mechanism": [
    "Essential trace element forming molybdopterin cofactor (MoCo) at the active site of four mammalian enzymes",
    "Cofactor for sulphite oxidase converting toxic sulphite to sulphate in the catabolism of sulphur-containing amino acids (cysteine, methionine)",
    "Cofactor for xanthine oxidoreductase catalyzing hypoxanthine → xanthine → uric acid in purine catabolism",
    "Cofactor for aldehyde oxidase metabolizing endogenous and xenobiotic aldehydes",
    "Cofactor for mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component (mARC) involved in N-hydroxylated drug metabolism"
  ],
  "target": [
    "Sulphur amino acid catabolism (sulphite oxidase pathway)",
    "Purine metabolism (xanthine oxidoreductase pathway)",
    "Aldehyde detoxification",
    "Drug and xenobiotic N-oxide reduction"
  ],
  "use_case": [
    "Daily nutritional adequacy support",
    "Cofactor in multinutrient longevity / antioxidant blends",
    "Specific use only in rare molybdenum cofactor deficiency (clinically managed)"
  ],
  "body_system": [
    "METABOLISM"
  ],
  "evidence_tier": "C",
  "evidence_anchor_pmid_count": 3,
  "dosage_range": "US IOM RDA: 45 mcg/day adults. EFSA NDA AI: 65 mcg/day adults. EFSA NRV (labelling): 50 mcg. Common supplemental doses: 45-150 mcg/day. US IOM Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): 2000 mcg/day adults. EFSA UL: 600 mcg/day adults. Most adults obtain adequate molybdenum from dietary sources (legumes, grains, organ meats); supplementation rarely needed in healthy individuals.",
  "safety_notes": "Molybdenum is generally well-tolerated at typical intakes. Chronic high intakes (10-15 mg/day in cattle-grazing studies) have been associated with hyperuricemia and gout-like symptoms via xanthine oxidase amplification, and with copper deficiency (molybdenum forms thiomolybdate complexes with copper reducing absorption). No human RCT-grade toxicity data available; the EFSA UL of 600 mcg/day reflects extrapolation from animal studies. Caution in patients with gout or hyperuricemia. Drug interactions: very high-dose ammonium tetrathiomolybdate is used therapeutically (off-label) as a copper-chelating agent in Wilson disease and certain cancers — not relevant to dietary supplement doses but illustrative of the Mo-Cu antagonism. Pregnancy/lactation: stay within AI; do not exceed UL.",
  "regulatory": {
    "fda": "United States (FDA): NO 21 CFR Part 101 Subpart E SSA health claim exists for molybdenum. Molybdenum is recognized as an essential trace mineral with an established RDA / DRI by the Institute of Medicine. Structure/function statements may be made under DSHEA (21 USC 343(r)(6)) for dietary supplements (with the standard FDA disclaimer that statements have not been evaluated by FDA and the product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.). No FDA Qualified Health Claim (QHC) linking molybdenum intake to a disease/health condition has been issued.",
    "efsa": "European Union (EFSA / Reg 432/2012): ONE authorized Article 13(1) function health claim for molybdenum in the Annex to Commission Regulation (EU) No 432/2012 (CELEX:32012R0432, entry ID 313). EFSA NDA Panel underlying opinion: EFSA Journal 2010;8(10):1745. Use of the claim requires the food/supplement to be at least a source of molybdenum per the SOURCE OF reference in the Annex to Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 (>=15% NRV per 100 g/100 mL or per portion; NRV = 50 mcg per Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 Annex XIII). A second EFSA-evaluated function (ID 341, protection of DNA / proteins / lipids from oxidative damage) received a non-favourable opinion and is NOT authorised. British spelling \"sulphur\" preserved as in the official Annex.",
    "anvisa": "Brasil (ANVISA): Molibdênio é reconhecido como mineral essencial com valores de referência para uso em suplementos alimentares conforme Instrução Normativa IN nº 28/2018 (Anexo III - limites de composição). Para esta entrada nesta sessão de auditoria, não foi possível extrair character-for-character qualquer alegação funcional autorizada no formato \"O molibdênio auxilia ...\" do PDF oficial do BVSMS. Por guardrail de anti-alucinação, authorized_claims ANVISA permanece vazio com draft_needs_verification=true; até confirmação manual via leitura do PDF oficial, apenas declaração de nutriente (\"fonte de molibdênio\" sujeito ao mínimo do Anexo III) pode ser utilizada — nenhuma alegação funcional deve ser escrita a partir de memória."
  },
  "ingredient_hub_url": "https://asxan.ai/ingredients/molybdenum/",
  "related_goal_slugs": [
    "longevity-stack"
  ],
  "related_lifestyle_slugs": [
    "senior-60-plus"
  ],
  "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-05",
  "schema_version": "nc-public-v0.2",
  "api_version": "nc-public-v0.3",
  "_meta": {
    "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-05",
    "ip_axes_disclosed": {
      "public_axes": [
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        "target",
        "use_case",
        "body_system",
        "evidence_tier",
        "dosage_range",
        "safety_notes",
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      ],
      "ip_axes_not_exposed": [
        "proprietary_formula_ratios",
        "clinical_protocol_internals",
        "rnd_pipeline_compounds",
        "supplier_specific_grade_specifications",
        "unpublished_endpoint_data"
      ],
      "rationale": "asxan.ai surfaces the educational, evidence-tier-disclosed slice. Formula composition, clinical-protocol internals, and RnD pipeline data are intentionally outside this public surface."
    }
  }
}