{
  "slug": "lutein",
  "name": "Lutein (Marigold-derived xanthophyll)",
  "alternate_names": [
    "(3R,3′R,6′R)-β,ε-carotene-3,3′-diol",
    "Marigold extract"
  ],
  "mechanism": [
    "Macular pigment density accumulation",
    "Blue light filtering (~470 nm peak absorbance)",
    "Singlet oxygen quenching in retinal tissue",
    "Anti-inflammatory in retinal pigment epithelium"
  ],
  "target": [
    "Macular tissue (fovea + perifovea)",
    "Retinal pigment epithelium",
    "Crystalline lens"
  ],
  "use_case": [
    "eye-protection (AMD progression delay · AREDS2)",
    "visual contrast sensitivity",
    "blue-light screen-fatigue support"
  ],
  "body_system": [
    "VISION",
    "CNS"
  ],
  "evidence_tier": "A",
  "evidence_anchor_pmid_count": 38,
  "evidence_long_form_url": "https://asxan.ai/blog/natural-vs-synthetic-astaxanthin-evidence-comparison/",
  "dosage_range": "10 mg/day lutein (AREDS2 formula · PMID 35653117); 20 mg/day for cataract/visual function studies",
  "safety_notes": "Generally well tolerated; carotenodermia (yellow skin) at sustained > 30 mg/day; safer than β-carotene for smokers (no CARET/ATBC lung cancer signal)",
  "regulatory": {
    "fda": "GRAS (marigold extract) · DSHEA dietary supplement",
    "efsa": "Authorized food additive E161b; no health claim",
    "anvisa": "RDC 243/2018 dietary supplement · IN 28/2018 alegação funcional not specifically authorized"
  },
  "ingredient_hub_url": "https://asxan.ai/ingredients/lutein/",
  "related_goal_slugs": [
    "eye-protection",
    "longevity-stack"
  ],
  "related_lifestyle_slugs": [
    "senior-60-plus",
    "high-stress"
  ],
  "last_evidence_review": "2026-05-29",
  "schema_version": "nc-public-v0.1",
  "api_version": "nc-public-v0.3",
  "_meta": {
    "last_evidence_review": "2026-05-29",
    "ip_axes_disclosed": {
      "public_axes": [
        "mechanism",
        "target",
        "use_case",
        "body_system",
        "evidence_tier",
        "dosage_range",
        "safety_notes",
        "regulatory",
        "authorized_claims"
      ],
      "ip_axes_not_exposed": [
        "proprietary_formula_ratios",
        "clinical_protocol_internals",
        "rnd_pipeline_compounds",
        "supplier_specific_grade_specifications",
        "unpublished_endpoint_data"
      ],
      "rationale": "asxan.ai surfaces the educational, evidence-tier-disclosed slice. Formula composition, clinical-protocol internals, and RnD pipeline data are intentionally outside this public surface."
    }
  }
}