{
  "authorized_claims": [
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "EPA and DHA contribute to the normal function of the heart.",
      "authorization_date": "2012",
      "conditions": "Reg 1924/2006 art 10(2): claim may be used only for food which provides a daily intake of at least 250 mg of EPA and DHA; consumer informed that the beneficial effect is obtained with a daily intake of 250 mg of EPA and DHA"
    },
    {
      "market": "ANVISA",
      "framework_reference": "IN 28/2018 Anexo V alegação funcional",
      "claim_verbatim": "Os ácidos graxos ômega 3 EPA e DHA auxiliam na redução dos triglicerídeos.",
      "authorization_date": "2018",
      "conditions": "IN 28/2018 Anexo V: alegação restrita a suplementos que forneçam ao menos 1.500 mg de EPA + DHA por dia"
    }
  ],
  "slug": "krill-oil",
  "name": "Krill Oil (Phospholipid-Esterified Omega-3 · Astaxanthin co-content)",
  "alternate_names": [
    "Euphausia superba oil",
    "Phospholipid omega-3",
    "PL-omega-3"
  ],
  "mechanism": [
    "Phospholipid-esterified EPA and DHA facilitate transfer through the intestinal wall",
    "Native co-content of astaxanthin provides intrinsic carotenoid antioxidant",
    "Same downstream EPA/DHA pathways once incorporated into membranes"
  ],
  "target": [
    "Erythrocyte membrane EPA + DHA pool (omega-3 index)",
    "Cardiovascular outcomes via EFSA-authorized claims",
    "Triglyceride-lowering pathway at sufficient EPA+DHA doses"
  ],
  "use_case": [
    "omega-3 index optimisation at lower absolute EPA+DHA doses than triglyceride-form fish oil",
    "GI tolerance preference (lower reflux burden in some users)",
    "co-delivery of astaxanthin within an omega-3 stack"
  ],
  "body_system": [
    "CARDIO",
    "CELL"
  ],
  "evidence_tier": "B",
  "evidence_anchor_pmid_count": 1,
  "dosage_range": "600 mg n-3 PUFA daily was sufficient for a significantly larger omega-3 index increase vs fish oil at the same EPA+DHA dose in a 4-week double-blind crossover RCT (Ramprasath 2013 PMID 24304605 Lipids Health Dis n = 24); commercial product doses typically deliver 240-600 mg EPA+DHA per serving · adjust upward for the 250 mg EFSA cardiovascular threshold",
  "safety_notes": "Shellfish allergens may be present (Euphausia superba is a crustacean); contraindicated in shellfish-allergic individuals; standard caution regarding anticoagulant therapy applies at very high EPA+DHA doses",
  "regulatory": {
    "fda": "GRAS · DSHEA dietary supplement · qualified health claims under the omega-3 framework when EPA+DHA dose meets the food-labelling threshold",
    "efsa": "Authorized claim Reg 432/2012 (cardiovascular) when EPA+DHA per-serving threshold reached; Novel Food authorisation Reg 258/97 covered phospholipid krill oil",
    "anvisa": "RDC 243/2018 dietary supplement · IN 28/2018 Anexo V alegação funcional verbatim: \"Os ácidos graxos ômega 3 EPA e DHA auxiliam na redução dos triglicerídeos.\" (≥ 1.500 mg EPA+DHA/dia)"
  },
  "ingredient_hub_url": "https://asxan.ai/ingredients/krill-oil/",
  "related_goal_slugs": [
    "heart-health",
    "cognitive-support",
    "inflammation-relief"
  ],
  "related_lifestyle_slugs": [
    "senior-60-plus",
    "athletic-performance"
  ],
  "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-04",
  "schema_version": "nc-public-v0.2",
  "api_version": "nc-public-v0.3",
  "_meta": {
    "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-04",
    "ip_axes_disclosed": {
      "public_axes": [
        "mechanism",
        "target",
        "use_case",
        "body_system",
        "evidence_tier",
        "dosage_range",
        "safety_notes",
        "regulatory",
        "authorized_claims"
      ],
      "ip_axes_not_exposed": [
        "proprietary_formula_ratios",
        "clinical_protocol_internals",
        "rnd_pipeline_compounds",
        "supplier_specific_grade_specifications",
        "unpublished_endpoint_data"
      ],
      "rationale": "asxan.ai surfaces the educational, evidence-tier-disclosed slice. Formula composition, clinical-protocol internals, and RnD pipeline data are intentionally outside this public surface."
    }
  }
}