{
  "slug": "glutathione",
  "name": "Glutathione (GSH · Reduced L-Glutathione · Liposomal · S-Acetyl)",
  "alternate_names": [
    "GSH",
    "GSSG",
    "L-Glutathione",
    "Reduced glutathione",
    "Liposomal glutathione",
    "S-Acetyl glutathione",
    "Setria",
    "γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine"
  ],
  "mechanism": [
    "Direct ROS/RNS free-radical scavenging in research models",
    "Regeneration of other antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, CoQ10) in the cellular redox cycle",
    "Cofactor for glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and substrate for glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in Phase II conjugation pathways studied in mechanistic work",
    "Nrf2/ARE pathway activation upregulating endogenous antioxidant gene expression (research-context)",
    "Tyrosinase inhibition shifting melanin synthesis from eumelanin toward pheomelanin in mechanistic skin-pigmentation studies",
    "NF-κB suppression in preclinical inflammation models"
  ],
  "target": [
    "Endogenous glutathione pool (plasma / erythrocyte / lymphocyte GSH)",
    "Nrf2/ARE transcriptional axis",
    "Glutathione peroxidase (GPx)",
    "Glutathione-S-transferase (GST)",
    "Tyrosinase (melanin-synthesis enzyme)",
    "NF-κB signaling"
  ],
  "use_case": [
    "antioxidant / oxidative-stress redox support (research-context · only direction with a direction-specific oral-GSH RCT: Richie 2015 raised body GSH stores)",
    "skin tone / pigmentation evenness (research-context · mechanism + general-GSH evidence only · no direction-specific oral-GSH RCT indexed in vault)",
    "hepatic / metabolic redox support (research-context · mechanism only · no direction-specific oral-GSH RCT indexed in vault)",
    "immune-response modulation in specific pathological populations (research-context · liposomal GSH in T2DM/TB · not healthy-population)",
    "cellular / mitochondrial redox support (research-context · strongest aging signal is from the GlyNAC precursor combination, NOT direct GSH)"
  ],
  "body_system": [
    "CELL",
    "LIVER",
    "IMMUNE",
    "SKIN",
    "MITO"
  ],
  "evidence_tier": "B",
  "evidence_anchor_pmid_count": 3,
  "dosage_range": "Research-context dosing: 250-1000 mg/day reduced/liposomal/S-acetyl GSH studied over 3-6 months. Richie 2015 (PMID 24791752) raised body GSH stores at 250-1000 mg/day × 6 months (returned to baseline ~1 month after stopping). Plain reduced GSH has low oral bioavailability (<5%, hydrolyzed by γ-glutamyltransferase), so liposomal or S-acetyl forms are the studied delivery routes. No established Upper Limit; 1000 mg/day × 6 months showed no serious adverse events. Educational reference only, not a dosing recommendation.",
  "safety_notes": "Generally well tolerated in trials up to 1000 mg/day for 6 months; occasional mild GI upset/bloating, rarely rash. No known absolute contraindication, but data are insufficient in pregnancy, lactation, and children — not for these groups. Intravenous GSH data must NOT be extrapolated to oral supplements. GlyNAC (glycine + N-acetylcysteine) trial data are a precursor combination and must NOT be presented as direct oral-GSH evidence. Bioavailability claims require formulation-specific data; \"100% absorption\" type absolute claims are not supportable.",
  "regulatory": {
    "fda": "Lawful dietary supplement ingredient under DSHEA (1994); L-glutathione holds GRAS status for food use. Structure/function claims (antioxidant, skin health, liver support) permitted with the mandatory DSHEA disclaimer and 30-day FDA notification. 'Whitening/lightening' phrasing carries drug-claim risk and should be expressed as 'supports even skin tone'. No FDA-authorized SSA health claim exists for glutathione.",
    "efsa": "EFSA has NOT authorized any glutathione health claim under Reg (EU) 432/2012 (Art. 13/14). GSH is a non-essential nutrient not on the Union authorized-claims list; member-state regulatory status varies. No authorized EU health claim available.",
    "anvisa": "Glutationa IS an authorized constituent in IN 28/2018 Anexo I (glutathione from E. coli W fermentation), with intake limits in Anexos III/IV — a compliant supplement route already exists (sold in Brazil as a supplement). It carries no IN 28/2018 Anexo V alegação funcional (no authorized functional claim)."
  },
  "authorized_claims": [],
  "ingredient_hub_url": "https://asxan.ai/ingredients/glutathione/",
  "related_goal_slugs": [
    "longevity-stack",
    "skin-beauty"
  ],
  "related_lifestyle_slugs": [
    "senior-60-plus"
  ],
  "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-13",
  "schema_version": "nc-public-v0.2",
  "api_version": "nc-public-v0.3",
  "_meta": {
    "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-13",
    "ip_axes_disclosed": {
      "public_axes": [
        "mechanism",
        "target",
        "use_case",
        "body_system",
        "evidence_tier",
        "dosage_range",
        "safety_notes",
        "regulatory",
        "authorized_claims"
      ],
      "ip_axes_not_exposed": [
        "proprietary_formula_ratios",
        "clinical_protocol_internals",
        "rnd_pipeline_compounds",
        "supplier_specific_grade_specifications",
        "unpublished_endpoint_data"
      ],
      "rationale": "asxan.ai surfaces the educational, evidence-tier-disclosed slice. Formula composition, clinical-protocol internals, and RnD pipeline data are intentionally outside this public surface."
    }
  }
}