{
  "slug": "ginkgo-biloba",
  "name": "Ginkgo Biloba Extract (standardized · EGb 761)",
  "alternate_names": [
    "Ginkgo Biloba",
    "GBE",
    "EGb 761",
    "Ginkgolide B (PAF antagonist constituent)"
  ],
  "mechanism": [
    "Platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonism (ginkgolide B)",
    "ROS/RNS scavenging by flavone glycosides",
    "NO pathway / microcirculation modulation",
    "NF-κB pathway inhibition",
    "Neurotransmitter (ACh/dopamine/5-HT) modulation"
  ],
  "target": [
    "Platelet-activating factor receptor",
    "Cerebral/peripheral microvasculature",
    "Oxidative stress markers (SOD/GPx)",
    "Platelet aggregation axis"
  ],
  "use_case": [
    "cognitive/dementia symptom research",
    "peripheral circulation",
    "tinnitus/vertigo research",
    "antioxidant markers",
    "ocular blood flow research"
  ],
  "body_system": [
    "NEURO",
    "CARDIO",
    "VISION",
    "BLOOD",
    "AUDIO",
    "ANS"
  ],
  "evidence_tier": "A",
  "evidence_anchor_pmid_count": 3,
  "dosage_range": "Standardized extract (24% flavone glycosides / 6% terpene lactones · ginkgolic acids <5 ppm) · clinical research 120-240 mg/day in 2-3 divided doses; US market median ~80 mg (educational reference, not a recommendation)",
  "safety_notes": "PAF antagonism produces a bleeding-risk signal: theoretical/clinical interaction with warfarin, aspirin, NSAIDs, and anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs — discontinue ~2 weeks before surgery. Caution in seizure disorders (ginkgotoxin may lower seizure threshold). Use only standardized extract with ginkgolic acids <5 ppm (un-standardized crude leaf may contain allergenic/genotoxic ginkgolic acids). SSRI/MAOI co-use caution. Consult a healthcare provider; not a substitute for prescription anticoagulant or cerebrovascular therapy.",
  "regulatory": {
    "fda": "Dietary supplement under DSHEA · no affirmative FDA GRAS determination for standalone Ginkgo biloba (the single GRN mentioning ginkgo — GRN 36 — covered a chromium-picolinate / ginkgo / ginseng combination, and FDA ceased its evaluation at the notifier's request) · structure/function claims permissible (no disease claims) · DSLD ~431 products, median 80 mg",
    "efsa": "EMA Ginkgo folium herbal monograph splits two regimes: well-established use for age-related mild cognitive impairment / quality of life in mild dementia, and traditional use for minor circulatory complaints (heaviness in legs, cold hands/feet) — national marketing authorisations rely on this monograph · EFSA: 0 authorized health claims (2012 cognitive/circulation claim applications rejected)",
    "anvisa": "Listed in Memento Fitoterápico (ANVISA herbal medicine list) · dietary supplement and THR pathways both available"
  },
  "authorized_claims": [],
  "ingredient_hub_url": "https://asxan.ai/ingredients/ginkgo-biloba/",
  "related_goal_slugs": [
    "cognitive-support"
  ],
  "related_lifestyle_slugs": [
    "senior-60-plus"
  ],
  "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-13",
  "schema_version": "nc-public-v0.2",
  "api_version": "nc-public-v0.3",
  "_meta": {
    "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-13",
    "ip_axes_disclosed": {
      "public_axes": [
        "mechanism",
        "target",
        "use_case",
        "body_system",
        "evidence_tier",
        "dosage_range",
        "safety_notes",
        "regulatory",
        "authorized_claims"
      ],
      "ip_axes_not_exposed": [
        "proprietary_formula_ratios",
        "clinical_protocol_internals",
        "rnd_pipeline_compounds",
        "supplier_specific_grade_specifications",
        "unpublished_endpoint_data"
      ],
      "rationale": "asxan.ai surfaces the educational, evidence-tier-disclosed slice. Formula composition, clinical-protocol internals, and RnD pipeline data are intentionally outside this public surface."
    }
  }
}