{
  "authorized_claims": [
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "EPA and DHA contribute to the normal function of the heart.",
      "authorization_date": "2012",
      "conditions": "Reg 1924/2006 art 10(2): claim may be used only for food which provides a daily intake of at least 250 mg of EPA and DHA; consumer informed that the beneficial effect is obtained with a daily intake of 250 mg of EPA and DHA"
    },
    {
      "market": "ANVISA",
      "framework_reference": "IN 28/2018 Anexo V alegação funcional",
      "claim_verbatim": "Os ácidos graxos ômega 3 EPA e DHA auxiliam na redução dos triglicerídeos.",
      "authorization_date": "2018",
      "conditions": "IN 28/2018 Anexo V: alegação restrita a suplementos que forneçam ao menos 1.500 mg de EPA + DHA por dia"
    }
  ],
  "slug": "epa",
  "name": "EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid · Pure / High-EPA Formulations)",
  "alternate_names": [
    "Eicosapentaenoic acid",
    "Pure EPA",
    "High-EPA omega-3",
    "Icosapent ethyl (prescription form)"
  ],
  "mechanism": [
    "Omega-3 C20:5 PUFA · membrane phospholipid integration",
    "Substrate for E-series Resolvins (specialised pro-resolving mediators)",
    "Competes with arachidonic acid for COX/LOX enzymes (anti-eicosanoid effect)",
    "Triglyceride-lowering via hepatic VLDL secretion modulation"
  ],
  "target": [
    "Plasma triglycerides",
    "Cardiovascular composite outcomes in elevated-triglyceride statin-treated populations",
    "Inflammatory pathway resolution"
  ],
  "use_case": [
    "triglyceride lowering and cardiovascular risk reduction in statin-treated adults with elevated triglycerides (per icosapent ethyl evidence base)",
    "targeted EPA dosing when whole-fish-oil EPA+DHA blend not desired",
    "high-EPA inflammation framework"
  ],
  "body_system": [
    "CARDIO",
    "CELL"
  ],
  "evidence_tier": "A",
  "evidence_anchor_pmid_count": 1,
  "dosage_range": "REDUCE-IT (Bhatt 2019 PMID 30415628 NEJM n=8,179 statin-treated with elevated triglycerides) used 4 g/day icosapent ethyl (prescription EPA ester) for a 25% reduction in the primary cardiovascular composite endpoint (CV death + nonfatal MI + nonfatal stroke + coronary revascularization + hospitalised unstable angina) over median 4.9 years. Dietary supplement pure EPA at 1-2 g/day is widely used but does not replicate the prescription 4 g/day evidence base",
  "safety_notes": "Atrial fibrillation signal observed at the 4 g/day icosapent ethyl dose (REDUCE-IT secondary analysis); modest bleeding risk at very high doses (anticoagulant interaction); the high-EPA frame is distinct from the EPA+DHA blend frame and should not be conflated with dietary fish-oil RDAs",
  "regulatory": {
    "fda": "Icosapent ethyl (Vascepa) is a prescription drug indicated as an adjunct to statin therapy for CV risk reduction in elevated-triglyceride adults; dietary supplement EPA is GRAS · DSHEA framework · qualified health claims under the omega-3 framework when EPA+DHA blend dose threshold met",
    "efsa": "Authorized claim Reg 432/2012 EPA+DHA cardiovascular (EPA component contributes within blend threshold); no standalone EPA-only authorized claim",
    "anvisa": "RDC 243/2018 dietary supplement · IN 28/2018 Anexo V alegação funcional verbatim: \"Os ácidos graxos ômega 3 EPA e DHA auxiliam na redução dos triglicerídeos.\" (≥ 1.500 mg EPA+DHA/dia · EPA-only formulations meet the EPA+DHA combined threshold when dose adequate)"
  },
  "ingredient_hub_url": "https://asxan.ai/ingredients/epa/",
  "related_goal_slugs": [
    "heart-health",
    "inflammation-relief"
  ],
  "related_lifestyle_slugs": [
    "senior-60-plus"
  ],
  "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-04",
  "schema_version": "nc-public-v0.2",
  "api_version": "nc-public-v0.3",
  "_meta": {
    "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-04",
    "ip_axes_disclosed": {
      "public_axes": [
        "mechanism",
        "target",
        "use_case",
        "body_system",
        "evidence_tier",
        "dosage_range",
        "safety_notes",
        "regulatory",
        "authorized_claims"
      ],
      "ip_axes_not_exposed": [
        "proprietary_formula_ratios",
        "clinical_protocol_internals",
        "rnd_pipeline_compounds",
        "supplier_specific_grade_specifications",
        "unpublished_endpoint_data"
      ],
      "rationale": "asxan.ai surfaces the educational, evidence-tier-disclosed slice. Formula composition, clinical-protocol internals, and RnD pipeline data are intentionally outside this public surface."
    }
  }
}