{
  "authorized_claims": [
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "EPA and DHA contribute to the normal function of the heart.",
      "authorization_date": "2012",
      "conditions": "Reg 1924/2006 art 10(2): claim may be used only for food which provides a daily intake of at least 250 mg of EPA and DHA; consumer informed that the beneficial effect is obtained with a daily intake of 250 mg of EPA and DHA"
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Vitamin D contributes to normal absorption and utilisation of calcium and phosphorus.",
      "authorization_date": "2012",
      "conditions": "Reg 1924/2006 art 10(2) + Annex: claim may only be used for food which is at least a \"source of vitamin D\""
    },
    {
      "market": "EFSA",
      "framework_reference": "Reg 432/2012",
      "claim_verbatim": "Vitamin A contributes to the maintenance of normal vision.",
      "authorization_date": "2012",
      "conditions": "Reg 1924/2006 art 10(2) + Annex: claim may only be used for food which is at least a \"source of vitamin A\""
    },
    {
      "market": "ANVISA",
      "framework_reference": "IN 28/2018 Anexo V alegação funcional",
      "claim_verbatim": "Os ácidos graxos ômega 3 EPA e DHA auxiliam na redução dos triglicerídeos.",
      "authorization_date": "2018",
      "conditions": "IN 28/2018 Anexo V: alegação restrita a suplementos que forneçam ao menos 1.500 mg de EPA + DHA por dia"
    }
  ],
  "slug": "cod-liver-oil",
  "name": "Cod Liver Oil (Vitamin A · D · EPA · DHA combined)",
  "alternate_names": [
    "Cod-liver oil",
    "Hippoglossus or Gadus liver oil",
    "CLO"
  ],
  "mechanism": [
    "Combined delivery of EPA/DHA (omega-3 pathway) with preformed vitamin A (retinol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)",
    "Phospholipid-supported absorption from native triglyceride form",
    "Maternal-to-infant DHA transfer during pregnancy and lactation (Helland 2003)"
  ],
  "target": [
    "Cardiovascular EPA+DHA pool",
    "Vitamin A retinoid status",
    "Vitamin D3 25(OH)D status",
    "Maternal DHA reserves and infant cognitive development"
  ],
  "use_case": [
    "cardiovascular EPA+DHA threshold with vitamin A+D co-intake (Northern-latitude winter context)",
    "maternal supplementation when fish intake is low",
    "traditional dietary insurance pattern in cold-climate populations"
  ],
  "body_system": [
    "CARDIO",
    "BONE",
    "VISION",
    "REPRODUCTIVE"
  ],
  "evidence_tier": "B",
  "evidence_anchor_pmid_count": 1,
  "dosage_range": "10 mL/day cod liver oil during pregnancy from 18 weeks through 3 months postpartum (Helland 2003 PMID 12509593 Pediatrics double-blind RCT n=84 children at age 4 · cod-liver-oil group MPC 106.4 vs corn-oil 102.3 · maternal DHA supplementation associated with higher cognitive performance in offspring); modern commercial doses typically 5-10 mL providing ~1,000-2,500 mg EPA+DHA combined plus ~ 800-1,200 IU vitamin D and ~ 2,500-4,500 IU vitamin A",
  "safety_notes": "WATCHPOINT: excess preformed vitamin A (retinol) intake in pregnancy can be teratogenic (>10,000 IU/day cumulative) · check the per-serving retinol content before stacking with multivitamins or other vitamin-A sources; vitamin D3 contribution should be counted toward the daily 25(OH)D target; standard fish-allergen disclosure",
  "regulatory": {
    "fda": "GRAS · DSHEA dietary supplement · qualified health claims under the omega-3 framework (EPA+DHA + CHD risk · 2003Q-0401; EPA+DHA + blood pressure · 2014Q-0337); vitamin A and D structure/function claims permitted within DVs",
    "efsa": "Authorized claims Reg 432/2012 EPA+DHA cardiovascular, vitamin D calcium-phosphorus, vitamin A vision and immune function — applicable when the source thresholds are met per serving",
    "anvisa": "RDC 243/2018 dietary supplement · IN 28/2018 Anexo V alegação funcional verbatim: \"Os ácidos graxos ômega 3 EPA e DHA auxiliam na redução dos triglicerídeos.\" (≥ 1.500 mg EPA+DHA/dia)"
  },
  "ingredient_hub_url": "https://asxan.ai/ingredients/cod-liver-oil/",
  "related_goal_slugs": [
    "heart-health",
    "joint-bone",
    "cognitive-support",
    "reproductive-health"
  ],
  "related_lifestyle_slugs": [
    "senior-60-plus",
    "pregnancy"
  ],
  "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-04",
  "schema_version": "nc-public-v0.2",
  "api_version": "nc-public-v0.3",
  "_meta": {
    "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-04",
    "ip_axes_disclosed": {
      "public_axes": [
        "mechanism",
        "target",
        "use_case",
        "body_system",
        "evidence_tier",
        "dosage_range",
        "safety_notes",
        "regulatory",
        "authorized_claims"
      ],
      "ip_axes_not_exposed": [
        "proprietary_formula_ratios",
        "clinical_protocol_internals",
        "rnd_pipeline_compounds",
        "supplier_specific_grade_specifications",
        "unpublished_endpoint_data"
      ],
      "rationale": "asxan.ai surfaces the educational, evidence-tier-disclosed slice. Formula composition, clinical-protocol internals, and RnD pipeline data are intentionally outside this public surface."
    }
  }
}