{
  "slug": "boswellia",
  "name": "Boswellia serrata (Indian frankincense · boswellic acids)",
  "alternate_names": [
    "Boswellia",
    "Boswellia serrata",
    "Indian frankincense",
    "Salai guggal",
    "Boswellic acids",
    "AKBA (3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid)",
    "Aflapin®",
    "5-Loxin®",
    "Boswellin®",
    "AprèsFlex®"
  ],
  "mechanism": [
    "AKBA selective 5-LOX (5-lipoxygenase) inhibition (non-redox)",
    "Leukotriene (LTB4/LTC4/LTD4) synthesis suppression",
    "NF-κB pathway inhibition via IKK blockade",
    "Pro-inflammatory cytokine downregulation (TNF-α / IL-1β / IL-6)",
    "MMP-3/MMP-9 downregulation (cartilage-matrix protection · research context)"
  ],
  "target": [
    "5-LOX (ALOX5)",
    "NF-κB / IKK",
    "MMP-3 / MMP-9",
    "Human leukocyte elastase (HLE)",
    "Leukotriene biosynthesis pathway"
  ],
  "use_case": [
    "joint comfort / osteoarthritis pain + function (research-context · OA is a disease endpoint, described not claimed)",
    "inflammatory-balance markers (research-context)",
    "gastrointestinal-inflammation markers (IBD/UC/Crohn · research-context · disease endpoint)",
    "respiratory function (bronchial asthma · research-context · disease endpoint)",
    "5-LOX/leukotriene-pathway modulation (mechanistic / educational context)"
  ],
  "body_system": [
    "MUSCULO",
    "IMMUNE",
    "GUT",
    "RESP"
  ],
  "evidence_tier": "A",
  "evidence_anchor_pmid_count": 3,
  "dosage_range": "Standardized extract 300-500 mg three times daily (≈900-1500 mg/day) in generic-extract OA research; AKBA-enriched branded extracts (Aflapin® / 5-Loxin®) studied at 100-250 mg/day — a notable low-dose advantage; cerebral-edema radiotherapy-adjunct research used up to 4200 mg/day. Educational reference, not a dosing recommendation. NOTE per vault brand-material rule (R12): low-dose 100 mg/day data applies ONLY to the branded AKBA-enriched extracts, not to generic resin powder.",
  "safety_notes": "Generally well tolerated up to ~1000 mg/day for 6 months in trials; most common effect is mild GI upset (nausea, acid reflux, diarrhea, <5%); rash rare. Theoretical mild antiplatelet/anticoagulant interaction (warfarin/aspirin) — clinical reports very rare; consider stopping ~2 weeks before surgery. In-vitro weak CYP2C8/2C9 inhibition by AKBA (clinical significance unclear). Inadequate pregnancy/lactation data — consult a healthcare provider. Branded vs generic clinical data must not be conflated. Educational, not medical advice.",
  "regulatory": {
    "fda": "US dietary supplement ingredient under DSHEA · structure/function claims (joint health, healthy inflammatory response, joint flexibility). Branded extracts Aflapin®/5-Loxin® hold self-affirmed GRAS + NDI notifications; Boswellin® (Sabinsa) + AprèsFlex® (PLT) hold NDI. Boswellia serrata Extract is USP-NF monographed (AKBA assay). All S/F claims require the FDA disclaimer: 'This statement has not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.'",
    "efsa": "No authorized EFSA health claim — Article 13.1 joint-health / anti-inflammatory / respiratory claims were returned (2009: cause-effect not established, human RCT data deemed insufficient at that time). Not a Novel Food. Traditional Herbal Medicinal Product (THR) registration is available in some member states (Germany BfArM accepts traditional-use registration under Directive 2004/24/EC).",
    "anvisa": "Regulated as a traditional phytomedicine (Fitoterápico / Produto Tradicional Fitoterápico), NOT as a dietary supplement (Suplemento Alimentar) — Boswellia serrata is on the IN 02/2014 Anexo I positive list under RDC 26/2014. Approved traditional use: anti-inflammatory (anti-inflamatório); standardized total boswellic acids typically ≥60%. Requires Fitoterápico Tradicional registration (~6-12 months) + local regulatory agent."
  },
  "authorized_claims": [],
  "ingredient_hub_url": "https://asxan.ai/ingredients/boswellia/",
  "related_goal_slugs": [
    "joint-bone",
    "inflammation-relief"
  ],
  "related_lifestyle_slugs": [
    "senior-60-plus"
  ],
  "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-13",
  "schema_version": "nc-public-v0.2",
  "api_version": "nc-public-v0.3",
  "_meta": {
    "last_evidence_review": "2026-06-13",
    "ip_axes_disclosed": {
      "public_axes": [
        "mechanism",
        "target",
        "use_case",
        "body_system",
        "evidence_tier",
        "dosage_range",
        "safety_notes",
        "regulatory",
        "authorized_claims"
      ],
      "ip_axes_not_exposed": [
        "proprietary_formula_ratios",
        "clinical_protocol_internals",
        "rnd_pipeline_compounds",
        "supplier_specific_grade_specifications",
        "unpublished_endpoint_data"
      ],
      "rationale": "asxan.ai surfaces the educational, evidence-tier-disclosed slice. Formula composition, clinical-protocol internals, and RnD pipeline data are intentionally outside this public surface."
    }
  }
}