{
  "slug": "berberine",
  "name": "Berberine (Berberis alkaloid)",
  "alternate_names": [
    "Berberine HCl",
    "Berberine sulfate",
    "Dihydroberberine (DHB)"
  ],
  "mechanism": [
    "AMPK activation",
    "Hepatic gluconeogenesis suppression",
    "Gut microbiome modulation",
    "PCSK9 mRNA suppression (lipid effect)"
  ],
  "target": [
    "Hepatic AMPK axis",
    "Glycemic regulation",
    "LDL-cholesterol pathway",
    "Gut microbiota"
  ],
  "use_case": [
    "glycemic regulation (research context)",
    "lipid management adjunct",
    "metabolic syndrome support"
  ],
  "body_system": [
    "METABOLISM",
    "ENDO",
    "CARDIO",
    "GUT"
  ],
  "evidence_tier": "B",
  "evidence_anchor_pmid_count": 36,
  "dosage_range": "500 mg t.i.d. (1500 mg/day total) standard; dihydroberberine 100-200 mg/day better absorbed; take with meals",
  "safety_notes": "GI upset (constipation/diarrhea) common; CYP3A4/CYP2D6 inhibition (drug interactions · metformin, statins, immunosuppressants); contraindicated in pregnancy (uterotonic theoretical); not equivalent to metformin (despite popular framing)",
  "regulatory": {
    "fda": "DSHEA dietary supplement; not GRAS; FDA warning letters on diabetes/cholesterol disease claims",
    "efsa": "Not authorized as food supplement claim; Novel Food considerations",
    "anvisa": "RDC 243/2018 dietary supplement framework · IN 28/2018 alegação funcional not authorized"
  },
  "ingredient_hub_url": "https://asxan.ai/ingredients/berberine/",
  "related_goal_slugs": [
    "weight-management",
    "heart-health",
    "glp-1-companion"
  ],
  "related_lifestyle_slugs": [
    "glp-1-companion",
    "weight-management"
  ],
  "last_evidence_review": "2026-05-29",
  "schema_version": "nc-public-v0.1",
  "api_version": "nc-public-v0.3",
  "_meta": {
    "last_evidence_review": "2026-05-29",
    "ip_axes_disclosed": {
      "public_axes": [
        "mechanism",
        "target",
        "use_case",
        "body_system",
        "evidence_tier",
        "dosage_range",
        "safety_notes",
        "regulatory",
        "authorized_claims"
      ],
      "ip_axes_not_exposed": [
        "proprietary_formula_ratios",
        "clinical_protocol_internals",
        "rnd_pipeline_compounds",
        "supplier_specific_grade_specifications",
        "unpublished_endpoint_data"
      ],
      "rationale": "asxan.ai surfaces the educational, evidence-tier-disclosed slice. Formula composition, clinical-protocol internals, and RnD pipeline data are intentionally outside this public surface."
    }
  }
}